It's similar to Music Video in the sense that we need to study it using the Industry and Audience key concepts. It's also another type of media that has been massively changed by the growth of the internet - just like we found with Arctic Monkeys and how they became famous in 2005 using MySpace. Radio is a short unit that we'll study up until half-term and then see what the situation is regarding whether we'll be back at school for the rest of the summer term. Here's a quick video to explain the new topic:
Radio CSPs
Our two radio CSPs are the launch of BBC Radio 1 in 1967 - a historical CSP - and Apple Beats 1, a global internet radio station run by the hugely powerful technology company Apple in California.
BBC Radio 1 launch 1967
Our first Radio CSP is the launch of BBC Radio 1 in 1967.
Our Radio products are targeted CSPs and need to be studied with reference to two elements of the Audiences and Industries as well as Historical, Social and Cultural Contexts. This means we need to study the way radio audiences and industries have changed over time and what impact this may have on society.
Notes from the lesson: BBC Radio 1 launch
The launch of Radio 1 was an event of historical and social significance and an important turning point in the history of radio. You would not normally be aware of this historical period in radio, but it provides a useful point of contrast with modern radio stations that can be online / niche / youth-orientated / available on a number of different platforms.
The history of BBC Radio
It is key in this unit of work to understand the importance of radio in 1967. Television was not yet universally available and radio was the key entertainment device. The radio provision in the mid-1960s was:
BBC Radio Light (1945-1967) broadcasting mainly light entertainment (comedy / drama) and music. Replaced by Radio 2.
BBC Third (1946-1970) broadcasting intellectual arts-based talk and music. Replaced by Radio 3.
BBC: funding and reorganisation of radio
As you have seen from our work on Doctor Who and Class, the BBC is funded through the compulsory licence fee (£154.50 now; it was around £4 a year in the 1960s). As everybody pays, then everybody should receive content suitable for their needs. Given the growth of pirate radio in the mid 1960s, the BBC realised that it was not providing content for this growth market of younger people.
In response, the BBC reorganised and renamed their radio channels. On 30 September 1967, the Light Programme was split into Radio 1 offering continuous "Popular" music and Radio 2 for more 'Easy Listening'.
The "Third" programme became Radio 3 offering classical music and cultural programming. The Home Service became Radio 4 offering news, and non-musical content such as quiz shows, readings, dramas and plays.
As you have seen from our work on Doctor Who and Class, the BBC is funded through the compulsory licence fee (£154.50 now; it was around £4 a year in the 1960s). As everybody pays, then everybody should receive content suitable for their needs. Given the growth of pirate radio in the mid 1960s, the BBC realised that it was not providing content for this growth market of younger people.
In response, the BBC reorganised and renamed their radio channels. On 30 September 1967, the Light Programme was split into Radio 1 offering continuous "Popular" music and Radio 2 for more 'Easy Listening'.
The "Third" programme became Radio 3 offering classical music and cultural programming. The Home Service became Radio 4 offering news, and non-musical content such as quiz shows, readings, dramas and plays.
Historical context: the 1960s and pirate radio
There were changing attitudes to music and youth culture in the early 1960s. ‘Pop’ music was becoming more popular and attitudes in young people were becoming more relaxed. There was clearly a need for a radio outlet for this music with a less formal presentation style; but there was nothing on the BBC. This led to the growth of ‘pirate’ radio stations who could produce these shows for young people, but were beyond the control of regulators.
Needle time
There were concerns that too much music on the radio would mean that people would no longer buy records, so the Musicians' Union and Phonographic Performance Limited (a music licensing company) restricted the amount of recorded music that could be transmitted by the BBC during the course of any 24-hour period. This was called ‘Needle Time’ and in 1967 meant they could only play five hours of music per day. Pirate stations did not have these restrictions imposed on them because the law was difficult to apply offshore - and so could play more music. They were, therefore, more popular with young people than the BBC.
BBC Radio 1 launch: successful?
When first launched in 1967, Radio 1 was not as popular as the BBC had hoped. There were a number of reasons why Radio 1 was not a success initially:
- It was not seen as ‘cool’ by many young people as the BBC stood for traditional, conservative values.
- It struggled financially as there was no increase in the licence fee to pay for this extra radio station.
- Whilst Radio 1 tried to copy the pirate radio’s style, it didn’t quite do it effectively initially as it broadcast simultaneously with Radio 2 – so it had to have a more formal style than the pirate broadcasters. Some young people didn’t respond positively to this.
However, the 1967 the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act officially outlawed pirate radio stations. The Government had closed the legal loophole that allowed these stations to broadcast and these had a British audience of 10 to 15 million. This meant the audience had to go to Radio 1 if they wanted to listen to popular music.
Many of the pirate station broadcasters then were then employed by BBC Radio 1, thus bringing many of the their loyal listeners with them. Commercial radio didn’t broadcast until 1973 so it had no competition. Radio 1 also developed better content more suitable to the target audience as it became more popular. In the 1970s and 1980s, Radio 1 became the most listened to station in the world with audiences regularly over 10 million.
You can read and watch more about the launch of BBC Radio 1 here.
You can read and watch more about the launch of BBC Radio 1 here.
Radio 1 Launch CSP: blog tasks
Work through the following questions to complete your first Radio case study on the launch of BBC Radio 1:
Historical, social and cultural context
1) What radio stations were offered by the BBC before 1967?
2) How was BBC radio reorganised in September 1967? What were the new stations that launched?
3) What was pirate radio and why was it popular?
4) Why did pirate radio stop broadcasting in 1967?
5) How did the BBC attract young audiences to Radio 1 after pirate radio stations were closed down?
6) What was 'needle time' and why was it a problem for BBC Radio?
7) How did BBC Radio 1 offer different content to previous BBC radio stations?
8) Who was the first presenter for BBC Radio 1 and why did these new Radio 1 DJs cause upset initially at the traditional BBC?
9) Listen to excerpts from the Tony Blackburn's first 1967 broadcast - how might it have appealed to young listeners?
10) What conventions did Tony Blackburn's radio show borrow from pirate radio - which made it very different to previous BBC radio content?
Work through the following questions to complete your first Radio case study on the launch of BBC Radio 1:
Historical, social and cultural context
1) What radio stations were offered by the BBC before 1967?
2) How was BBC radio reorganised in September 1967? What were the new stations that launched?
3) What was pirate radio and why was it popular?
4) Why did pirate radio stop broadcasting in 1967?
5) How did the BBC attract young audiences to Radio 1 after pirate radio stations were closed down?
6) What was 'needle time' and why was it a problem for BBC Radio?
7) How did BBC Radio 1 offer different content to previous BBC radio stations?
8) Who was the first presenter for BBC Radio 1 and why did these new Radio 1 DJs cause upset initially at the traditional BBC?
9) Listen to excerpts from the Tony Blackburn's first 1967 broadcast - how might it have appealed to young listeners?
10) What conventions did Tony Blackburn's radio show borrow from pirate radio - which made it very different to previous BBC radio content?
Audience and industry
1) What was the target audience for BBC Radio 1 in 1967?
2) Why did Radio 1 initially struggle to attract young listeners?
3) What audience pleasures did Radio 1 offer listeners in 1967? (Use Blumler and Katz Uses and Gratifications theory).
4) How is the BBC funded?
5) Applying Stuart Hall's Reception theory, what would the preferred and oppositional reading have been of BBC Radio 1 in 1967?
Grade 8/9 extension tasks
Go to this history of BBC Radio on the BBC website. Read and watch the content. Why was the launch of BBC Radio 1 such an important cultural moment in British history?
Read this Guardian interview with the second DJ to broadcast on BBC Radio 1. How does he describe the 1960s and his move to the BBC?
The BBC is a public service broadcaster. What does this mean and why is it an important part of the history of BBC Radio 1?
Due: next Monday
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